{"id":126,"date":"2024-02-14T17:40:37","date_gmt":"2024-02-14T16:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.neymet.net\/?page_id=126"},"modified":"2024-02-14T17:40:37","modified_gmt":"2024-02-14T16:40:37","slug":"de-lhypnose-televisuelle-le-jeu-de-la-mort","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/de-lhypnose-televisuelle-le-jeu-de-la-mort\/","title":{"rendered":"De l\u2019hypnose t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle : Le jeu de la mort"},"content":{"rendered":"

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D<\/span>e<\/span> l\u2019hypnos<\/span>e<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuell<\/span>e<\/span> :<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> je<\/em><\/span>u<\/em><\/span> d<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> l<\/em><\/span>a<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Jean-Philippe<\/span> Catonn\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Philosophe<\/span> et<\/span> psychiatre<\/span><\/p>\n

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.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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propos<\/span> de<\/span> secret,<\/span> plus<\/span> exactement<\/span> de<\/span> rupture<\/span> du<\/span> secret,<\/span> c\u2019est<\/span> de<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> qu<\/span>\u2019il<\/span> s\u2019agira,<\/span> plus<\/span> pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> type<\/span> de<\/span> spectacle,<\/span> dit<\/span> de<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/span> Je<\/span> partirai<\/span> du<\/span> documentaire<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0<\/span><\/p>\n

diffus\u00e9<\/span> en<\/span> mars<\/span> 2010<\/span> sur<\/span> F<\/span>rance<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/em><\/span> intitul\u00e9<\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span>.<\/span> Christophe<\/span> Nick<\/span>,<\/span> le<\/span> producteu<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> a<\/span> nourri<\/span> de<\/span> longue<\/span> date<\/span> c<\/span>e<\/span> projet<\/span> de<\/span> d\u00e9nonciation<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> comment<\/span> ?<\/span> Il<\/span> a<\/span> transpos\u00e9,<\/span> pour<\/span> le<\/span> petit<\/span> \u00e9cran,<\/span> les<\/span> exp\u00e9riences<\/span> conduites<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> laboratoire<\/span> de<\/span> psychologie sociale de <\/span>Y<\/span>ale<\/span> par l\u2019\u00e9quipe de <\/span>Stanley<\/span> Milgram. Ces<\/span> exp\u00e9riences<\/span> men\u00e9es<\/span> entre<\/span> 1950<\/span> et<\/span> 1963<\/span> ont<\/span> port\u00e9<\/span> sur<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9tude<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> soumission<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

L<\/span>e<\/span> contexte<\/span> m\u00e9rite<\/span> d\u2019\u00eatre<\/span> rappel\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> nous<\/span> sommes<\/span> au<\/span> lendemain<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> deuxi\u00e8me<\/span> guerre<\/span> mondiale.<\/span> Hannah<\/span> Arendt<\/span> publie<\/span> en<\/span> 1951<\/span> sa<\/span> magistrale<\/span> \u00e9tude<\/span> sur<\/span> Les<\/em><\/span> origines<\/em><\/span> du<\/em><\/span> totalitarisme<\/em><\/span> et,<\/span> en<\/span> particulier<\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/em><\/span> totalitaire<\/em><\/span>1<\/span>.<\/em><\/span> Pour<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> des<\/span> crimes<\/span> massifs<\/span> perp\u00e9tr\u00e9s<\/span> par<\/span> ces<\/span> r\u00e9gimes<\/span> totalitaires,<\/span> la<\/span> soumission<\/span> aveugle aux<\/span> ordres<\/span> occupe<\/span> une<\/span> position <\/span>centrale.<\/span> Au<\/span> moment<\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> Milgram<\/span> cl\u00f4t<\/span> ses<\/span> exp\u00e9riences,<\/span> en<\/span> 1963,<\/span> la<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> Hannah<\/span> Arendt<\/span> publie<\/span> une<\/span> autre<\/span> magistrale<\/span> \u00e9tude<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> soumission<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9.<\/span> Dans<\/span> Eichmann<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> J\u00e9rusalem<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> elle<\/span> rend<\/span> compte<\/span> du<\/span> proc\u00e8s<\/span> intent\u00e9<\/span> en<\/span> 1961-1962<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> nazi<\/span> responsable<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> d\u00e9portation<\/span> de<\/span> millions<\/span> de<\/span> juifs<\/span>2<\/span>.<\/span> Pour<\/span> sa<\/span> d\u00e9fense,<\/span> Eichmann<\/span> ne<\/span> cesse<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9p\u00e9ter<\/span> qu<\/span>\u2019il<\/span> s\u2019est<\/span> born\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ob\u00e9ir<\/span> aux<\/span> ordres.<\/span> Stanley<\/span> Milgram<\/span> publie<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9sultat<\/span> de<\/span> ses<\/span> exp\u00e9riences<\/span> sous<\/span> le<\/span> titre<\/span> explicite<\/span> de<\/span> Soumission<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> Obedience<\/em><\/span> to<\/em><\/span> A<\/em><\/span>uthority<\/em><\/span>3<\/span>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

R<\/span>appelons<\/span> bri\u00e8vement<\/span> le<\/span> dispositif<\/span> mi<\/span>s<\/span> e<\/span>n<\/span> place<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> Y<\/span>ale.<\/span> Sous<\/span> pr\u00e9texte<\/span> de<\/span> tester<\/span> la<\/span> m\u00e9moire<\/span> des<\/span> candidats,<\/span> le<\/span> psychosociologue<\/span> fait<\/span> correspondre<\/span> chaque<\/span> mauvaise<\/span> r\u00e9ponse<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> d\u00e9charge<\/span> \u00e9lectriqu<\/span>e<\/span> administr\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> le<\/span> questionneur<\/span> au<\/span> r\u00e9pondeu<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/span> L<\/span>es<\/span> d\u00e9charges<\/span> sont<\/span> progressives<\/span> jusqu<\/span>\u2019\u00e0<\/span> un<\/span> voltage<\/span> pouvant<\/span> entra\u00eener<\/span> la<\/span> mort<\/span> et<\/span> fix\u00e9<\/span> au<\/span> maximum<\/span> de<\/span> 460<\/span> volts.<\/span> Encore<\/span> faudrait<\/span>-il<\/span> pr\u00e9ciser<\/span> que<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9pondeur<\/span> es<\/span>t<\/span> un<\/span> com\u00e9dien<\/span>,<\/span> lequel<\/span> mim<\/span>e<\/span> la<\/span> douleu<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/span> R\u00e9sultat<\/span> :<\/span> 62%<\/span> des<\/span> candidats<\/span> questionneurs<\/span> administrent<\/span> la<\/span> dose<\/span> suppos\u00e9e<\/span> mortelle.<\/span> J\u2019ajoute<\/span> que<\/span> cette<\/span> exp\u00e9rience<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> reproduite<\/span><\/p>\n

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.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.<\/span>Hannah <\/span>Arendt,<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/em><\/span> totalitaire<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> Harcourt<\/span> Brace<\/span> &<\/span> World,<\/span> Ink,<\/span> New<\/span> York, <\/span>1951,<\/span> trad.<\/span> Jean-Loup<\/span> Bourget,<\/span> Robert<\/span> Davreu<\/span> et<\/span> Patrick<\/span> L\u00e9vy<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> \u00e9d.<\/span> du Seuil, <\/span>P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 1972.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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2.<\/span>Hannah<\/span> Arendt,<\/span> Eichmann<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> J\u00e9rusalem,<\/em><\/span> 1<\/span>re<\/span> \u00e9d.1963,<\/span> trad.<\/span> Anne<\/span> Gu\u00e9rin,<\/span> Gallimard,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 1997.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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3.<\/span>Stanley<\/span> Milgram,<\/span> Soumission<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/em><\/span> :<\/em><\/span> un<\/em><\/span> point<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> vue<\/em><\/span> exp\u00e9rimental,<\/em><\/span> Harper<\/span> &<\/span> Row<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/span>ublisher<\/span> Ink,<\/span> New<\/span> York,<\/span> 1974,<\/span> trad.<\/span> Emy<\/span> Molini\u00e9<\/span>,<\/span> Calman<\/span> L\u00e9vy<\/span>,<\/span> Paris,<\/span> 1974.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

une<\/span> vingtaine<\/span> de<\/span> fois,<\/span> dans<\/span> diff\u00e9rents<\/span> pays,<\/span> avec<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> chaque<\/span> reprise<\/span> le<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> type<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9sultat.<\/span> En<\/span> 1978,<\/span> Henri<\/span> Verneuil<\/span> l\u2019a<\/span> transpos\u00e9e<\/span> au<\/span> cin\u00e9ma<\/span> dans<\/em><\/span> I<\/em><\/span> comme<\/em><\/span> Icare<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> avec<\/span> Yves<\/span> Montand<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00f4le<\/span> principal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> Christophe<\/span> Nick<\/span> va<\/span> exp\u00e9rimenter<\/span> la<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> situation<\/span> en<\/span> l\u2019adaptant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019espace<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuel<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/span> Pour<\/span> ce<\/span> faire,<\/span> il<\/span> va<\/span> reconstituer<\/span> un<\/span> plateau<\/span> de<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision,<\/span> c\u2019est<\/span>–<\/span> \u00e0-dire<\/span> un<\/span> public<\/span> ignorant<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019enjeu<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019exp\u00e9rience,<\/span> du<\/span> moins<\/span> pour<\/span> le<\/span> premier<\/span> candidat<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019enregistrement.<\/span> Il<\/span> va<\/span> ensuite<\/span> recruter<\/span> 80<\/span> candidats<\/span> eux-m\u00eames<\/span> dans<\/span> l\u2019ignorance.<\/span> Enfin,<\/span> comme<\/span> chez<\/span> Milgram,<\/span> il<\/span> va<\/span> recourir<\/span> aux<\/span> services<\/span> d\u2019un<\/span> acteur<\/span> jouant<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00f4le<\/span> du<\/span> r\u00e9pondeu<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> du<\/span> questionn\u00e9.<\/span> Quant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019animatrice<\/span> du<\/span> jeu,<\/span> il<\/span> l\u2019a<\/span> choisie<\/span> parmi<\/span> les<\/span> pr\u00e9sentatrices<\/span> connues<\/span> du<\/span> grand<\/span> public.<\/span> Elle<\/span> repr\u00e9sente<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle<\/span> et<\/span> se<\/span> substitue<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/span> scientifique,<\/span> repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> un<\/span> professeur<\/span> de<\/span> psychologie<\/span> dans<\/span> l\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/span> de<\/span> Y<\/span>ale.<\/span><\/p>\n

Interrogeons-nous<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> nouveau<\/span> r\u00e9sultat<\/span> :<\/span> ce<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> plus<\/span> 62%,<\/span> mais<\/span> 81% <\/span>des<\/span> candidats<\/span> questionneurs<\/span> qui<\/span> administrent<\/span> la<\/span> dose<\/span> mortelle<\/span> de<\/span> 460<\/span> volts.<\/span> Cela<\/span> veut<\/span>-il<\/span> dire<\/span> que<\/span> pour<\/span> se<\/span> soumettre<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9, la <\/span>t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> aurait plus d\u2019autorit\u00e9 que<\/span> la science ?<\/span> Quelle<\/span> que<\/span> soit<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9ponse<\/span> finale<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> cette<\/span> question,<\/span> avan\u00e7ons<\/span> ceci<\/span> :<\/span> le<\/span> mod<\/span>e<\/span> d\u2019ob\u00e9issance<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/span> m\u00e9rit<\/span>e<\/span> d\u2019\u00eatre<\/span> \u00e9clair\u00e9<\/span>.<\/span> T<\/span>rois<\/span> types<\/span> d\u2019interrogation nous le permettront.<\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>ou<\/span>t<\/span> d\u2019abord,<\/span> puisque<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> d<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> l<\/em><\/span>a<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span> r\u00e9alise<\/span> une<\/span> parodie<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> actuelle,<\/span> dans<\/span> quelle<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> s\u2019inscrit<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> ?<\/span> Ensuite,<\/span> comment<\/span> situer<\/span> cette<\/span> \u00e9volution<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> contexte<\/span> soci\u00e9tal,<\/span> historique<\/span> plus<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/span> ?<\/span> Enfin <\/span>comment<\/span> ce<\/span> type<\/span> de<\/span> spectacle<\/span> vise-t<\/span>-il<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> saisir<\/span> l\u2019essence<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision,<\/span> du<\/span> moins<\/span> pour<\/span> sa<\/span> r\u00e9ception<\/span> massive,<\/span> populaire,<\/span> et<\/span> en<\/span> quoi<\/span> cette<\/span> r\u00e9ception<\/span> populaire<\/span> int\u00e9resse<\/span>-t-<\/span>elle<\/span> l\u2019intime<\/span> ?<\/span> Pour<\/span> r\u00e9pondre<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> programme<\/span> de<\/span> triple<\/span> questionnement,<\/span> je<\/span> m\u2019appuierai<\/span> largement<\/span> sur<\/span> un<\/span> ouvrage<\/span> que<\/span> le<\/span> producteur<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9mission<\/span> a<\/span> c<\/span>o<\/span>–<\/span>sign\u00e9<\/span> avec<\/span> le<\/span> philosophe<\/span> Michel<\/span> Eltchaninof<\/span>f<\/span>.<\/span> Il<\/span>s<\/span> l\u2019ont<\/span> intitul\u00e9<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>\u2019Exp\u00e9rience<\/em><\/span> extr\u00eam<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span>4<\/span>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Une<\/span> escalade<\/span> en<\/span> trois<\/span> \u00e9tapes<\/span><\/h1>\n

Comment<\/span> se<\/span> fait<\/span>-il<\/span> qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui<\/span> des<\/span> images<\/span> de<\/span> cruaut\u00e9,<\/span> de<\/span> violence<\/span> \u2014 <\/span>tant<\/span> psychologique que<\/span> sexuelle \u2014<\/span> puissent<\/span> all\u00e8grement<\/span> passer<\/span> en<\/span> heure<\/span> de<\/span> grande<\/span> diffusion<\/span> sans<\/span> provoquer<\/span> aucune<\/span> r\u00e9action<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9probation<\/span> ?<\/span> L<\/span>a<\/span> r\u00e9pons<\/span>\u2003\u2003e<\/span> tient<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ceci<\/span> :<\/span> une<\/span> gradation<\/span> et<\/span> une<\/span> accoutumance<\/span> se<\/span> d\u00e9veloppant<\/span> sur<\/span> trois<\/span> d\u00e9cennies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> les<\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span> 80<\/span> apparaissent<\/span> Psy-show<\/em><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> des<\/span> couples<\/span> d\u00e9voilent<\/span> leur<\/span> vie<\/span> sexuelle<\/span> et<\/span> Sexy<\/em><\/span>-Folies<\/em><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> l\u2019on<\/span> peut<\/span> gagner<\/span> un<\/span> voyage<\/span> par<\/span> un<\/span> stri<\/span>p<\/span>-teas<\/span>e<\/span> e<\/span>n<\/span> direct.<\/span> T<\/span>outefois<\/span>,<\/span> nous<\/span> restons,<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> certaine<\/span> mesure,<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> registre<\/span> plut\u00f4t<\/span> bon<\/span> enfant.<\/span> C\u2019est<\/span> le<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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4.<\/span>Christophe<\/span> Nick<\/span> et<\/span> Michel<\/span> Eltchaninoff<\/span>,<\/span> Seul<\/em><\/span> face<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> un<\/em><\/span> pouvoir<\/em><\/span> l\u2019individu<\/em><\/span> est<\/em><\/span> l\u2019\u00eatre<\/em><\/span> le<\/em><\/span> plus<\/em><\/span> manipulable<\/em><\/span> donc<\/em><\/span> le<\/em><\/span> plus<\/em><\/span> ob\u00e9issant,<\/em><\/span> l\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/em><\/span> extr\u00eame<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> avec<\/span> les<\/span> contributions<\/span> scientifiques<\/span> de<\/span> Jean-L\u00e9on<\/span> Beauvois,<\/span> Didier<\/span> Courbet<\/span> et<\/span> Domi-<\/span> nique<\/span> Oberl\u00e9,<\/span> Don<\/span> Quichotte,<\/span> une<\/span> marque<\/span> des<\/span> \u00e9ditions<\/span> du<\/span> Seuil,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 2010.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

r\u00e8gne<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> gentille<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e9moustillante<\/span> \u00e9motion,<\/span> du<\/span> moins<\/span> pour<\/span> la<\/span> plupart<\/span> des<\/span> candidats.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> les<\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span> 90,<\/span> ce<\/span> n\u2019est<\/span> plus<\/span> d\u2019\u00e9motions<\/span> qu<\/span>\u2019il<\/span> s\u2019agit,<\/span> mais<\/span> de pulsions au<\/span> grand jour<\/span> : humiliations<\/span> et<\/span> sadisme deviennent<\/span> des<\/span> comportements<\/span> essentiels<\/span> du<\/span> divertissement.<\/span> Par<\/span> exemple,<\/span> un<\/span> certain<\/span> Nagui<\/span> obtient<\/span> qu\u2019une<\/span> jeune<\/span> femme<\/span> qui<\/span> s\u2019y<\/span> refusait<\/span> r\u00e9solument,<\/span> accepte<\/span> d\u2019exhiber<\/span> une<\/span> t\u00e2che<\/span> sur<\/span> sa<\/span> fesse<\/span> gauche,<\/span> r\u00e9sultat<\/span> obtenu<\/span> en<\/span> augmentant<\/span> le<\/span> nombre<\/span> de<\/span> billets<\/span> de<\/span> banque<\/span> offerts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> les<\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span> 2000,<\/span> un<\/span> cran<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> est<\/span> franchi.<\/span> Bornons<\/span>–<\/span> nous<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> quelques<\/span> exemples.<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>oft<\/em><\/span>–<\/em><\/span>Story<\/em><\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> en<\/span> 2001,<\/span> sollicitant<\/span> tant<\/span> les<\/span> pulsions<\/span> voyeuristes<\/span> que<\/span> sadiques.<\/span> Nous<\/span> assistons<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> version<\/span> fran\u00e7aise<\/span> du<\/span> Big<\/em><\/span> Brother<\/em><\/span> n\u00e9erlandais.<\/span> Le<\/span> concepteur<\/span> a<\/span> mis<\/span> en<\/span> image<\/span> le<\/span> P<\/span>anopticon<\/span> imagin\u00e9<\/span> au<\/span> si\u00e8cle pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent par<\/span> Jeremy<\/span> Bentham<\/span> pour<\/span> le<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> p\u00e9nitentiaire,<\/span> r\u00e9alisant<\/span> l\u2019id\u00e9al<\/span> pour<\/span> un<\/span> gardien<\/span> voyant<\/span> tous<\/span> sans<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> vu<\/span> d\u2019aucun.<\/span> Big<\/em><\/span> Brother<\/em><\/span> ou<\/span> le<\/span> vrai<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> totalitaire <\/span>soutenu<\/span> par<\/span> des<\/span> cam\u00e9ras <\/span>filmant<\/span> 24<\/span> h<\/span> sur<\/span> 24<\/span> et<\/span> r\u00e9alisant<\/span> une<\/span> soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> contr\u00f4le<\/span> total.<\/span> Avec<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>oft<\/em><\/span>–<\/em><\/span>Story<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> M<\/em><\/span> 6<\/em><\/span> fait<\/span> remonter<\/span> ses<\/span> actions<\/span> en<\/span> Bourse,<\/span> s\u00e9rieusement<\/span> en<\/span> difficult\u00e9.<\/span> TF1<\/em><\/span> se<\/span> refusait<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> genre<\/span> de<\/span> spectacle<\/span> et<\/span> pourtant,<\/span> peu<\/span> de<\/span> temps<\/span> apr\u00e8s,<\/span> embo\u00eet<\/span>e<\/span> le<\/span> pas<\/span> avec<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>\u2019\u00cele<\/em><\/span> d<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> l<\/em><\/span>a<\/em><\/span> tentatio<\/em><\/span>n<\/em><\/span>.<\/span> On<\/span> y<\/span> associe<\/span> humiliation,<\/span> pornographie<\/span> et<\/span> obsc\u00e9nit\u00e9.<\/span> L<\/span>a<\/span> cha\u00eene<\/span> embauche<\/span> des<\/span> travailleurs<\/span> du<\/span> sexe<\/span> pour<\/span> casser<\/span> des<\/span> couples.<\/span> Actuellement,<\/span> Secret-Story<\/em><\/span> excelle<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> jeu<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9limination<\/span> des<\/span> candidats<\/span> par<\/span> eux<\/span>-m\u00eames,<\/span> prototype<\/span> m\u00eam<\/span>e<\/span> des<\/span> pratiques<\/span> du<\/span> n\u00e9<\/span>o<\/span>-management<\/span>.<\/span> \u00c0<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9trang<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> on<\/span> fait<\/span> encore<\/span> plus<\/span> fort.<\/span> Pour<\/span> illustration,<\/span> le<\/span> Japon<\/span> programme<\/span> des<\/span> \u00e9missions<\/span> incluant<\/span> la<\/span> torture<\/span> ;<\/span> chez<\/span> nos<\/span> voisins<\/span> anglais,<\/span> on<\/span> a<\/span> programm\u00e9<\/span> des<\/span> dissections<\/span> de<\/span> cadavre<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> scie<\/span> \u00e9lectrique<\/span> et<\/span> m\u00eame…une<\/span> roulette<\/span> russe<\/span> en<\/span> direct.<\/span><\/p>\n

P<\/span>ar<\/span> comparaison<\/span>,<\/em><\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> comme<\/span> une<\/span> douce<\/span> imitation<\/span> et,<\/span> de<\/span> toutes<\/span> mani\u00e8res,<\/span> comme<\/span> salutaire<\/span> prise<\/span> de<\/span> position<\/span> de<\/span> d\u00e9nonciation<\/span> par<\/span> F<\/span>rance<\/span> 2,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l\u2019honneur<\/span> du<\/span> service<\/span> public.<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sans<\/span> foule<\/span>,<\/span> terreur<\/span> ou<\/span> id\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/h1>\n

D\u00e8s<\/span> lors,<\/span> franchissons<\/span> un<\/span> pas<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> dans<\/span> l\u2019exploration<\/span> et<\/span> r\u00e9pondons<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> deuxi\u00e8me<\/span> question.<\/span> Puisque<\/span> ces<\/span> spectacles<\/span> sont<\/span> largement<\/span> diffus\u00e9s,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> quel<\/span> ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne<\/span> collectif<\/span> historique<\/span> les<\/span> rattacher<\/span> ?<\/span> Dans<\/span> la<\/span> modernit\u00e9,<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9volution<\/span> sur<\/span> les<\/span> deux<\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents,<\/span> on<\/span> pourrait<\/span> distinguer<\/span> trois<\/span> entit\u00e9s,<\/span> trois<\/span> jalons.<\/span><\/p>\n

En<\/span> 1895,<\/span> le<\/span> sociologue<\/span> Gustave<\/span> Le<\/span> Bon<\/span> publie<\/span> sa<\/span> Psychologie<\/em><\/span> des<\/em><\/span> foules<\/em><\/span>5<\/em><\/span>.<\/em><\/span> Dans<\/span> certaines<\/span> circonstances,<\/span> un<\/span> rassemblement<\/span> humain<\/span> poss\u00e8de<\/span> un<\/span> caract\u00e8re<\/span> nouveau<\/span> pour<\/span> chacun<\/span> des<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> qui<\/span> le<\/span> constitue.<\/span> Il<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9sulte<\/span> un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> collectif<\/span>,<\/span> induisant<\/span> des<\/span> actes<\/span> qu\u2019aucun<\/span> des<\/span> individus<\/span> isol\u00e9s<\/span> n\u2019aurait<\/span> commis<\/span> seul.<\/span> De<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> na\u00eet<\/span> un<\/span> sentiment<\/span> de<\/span> puissance,<\/span> capable<\/span> des<\/span> pires<\/span> extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s,<\/span> pour<\/span> le<\/span> meilleur<\/span> et<\/span> pour<\/span> le<\/span> pire.<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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5.<\/span>Gustav<\/span>e<\/span> L<\/span>e<\/span> Bon<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/em><\/span>sychologie<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span>s<\/em><\/span> foule<\/em><\/span>s<\/em><\/span>,1<\/span>re<\/span> \u00e9d.1895<\/span>,<\/span> PU<\/span>F<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 1963.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Deuxi\u00e8me<\/span> \u00e2ge<\/span> d\u2019\u00e9tude<\/span> des<\/span> masses,<\/span> celui<\/span> de<\/span> Hannah<\/span> Arendt.<\/span> Dans<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>es<\/em><\/span> origines<\/em><\/span> du<\/em><\/span> totalitarisme<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> elle<\/span> montre<\/span> comment,<\/span> lors<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9volution<\/span> industrielle,<\/span> les<\/span> individus<\/span> arrach\u00e9s<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> leurs<\/span> origines<\/span> familiales,<\/span> sociales…<\/span> sont<\/span> atomis\u00e9s.<\/span> Sous<\/span> le<\/span> poids<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019id\u00e9ologie<\/span> e<\/span>t<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> terreu<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> ils<\/span> se<\/span> transformen<\/span>t<\/span> e<\/span>n<\/span> une<\/span> mass<\/span>e<\/span> atomis\u00e9e<\/span> ob\u00e9issante<\/span>6<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui,<\/span> avec<\/span> l\u2019omnipr\u00e9sence<\/span> des<\/span> images,<\/span> on<\/span> obtient<\/span> des<\/span> masses<\/span> virtuelles.<\/span> Dans<\/em><\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> une<\/span> animatrice<\/span> obtient<\/span> facilement<\/span> le<\/span> conformisme<\/span> et<\/span> l\u2019ob\u00e9issance.<\/span> Ainsi,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> diff\u00e9rence<\/span> de<\/span> Gustave<\/span> L<\/span>e<\/span> Bon<\/span>,<\/span> o<\/span>n<\/span> agit<\/span> seul<\/span> comm<\/span>e<\/span> spectateur<\/span> o<\/span>u<\/span> acteu<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> comme<\/span> si<\/span> on<\/span> faisait<\/span> partie<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> foule.<\/span> \u00c0<\/span> la<\/span> diff\u00e9rence<\/span> de<\/span> Hannah<\/span> Arendt,<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> devenir<\/span> bourreau<\/span> sans<\/span> terreur<\/span> ni<\/span> id\u00e9ologie.<\/span> Acteurs<\/span> et<\/span> spectateurs<\/span> partagent<\/span> un<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> sentiment<\/span> d\u2019irr\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/span> On<\/span> peut<\/span> parler<\/span> d\u2019une<\/span> \u00ab<\/span> hypnose<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle<\/span> \u00bb,<\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> la<\/span> pulsion<\/span> touche<\/span> au<\/span> plus<\/span> priv\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019individu.<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un<\/span> despote<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> domicile<\/span><\/h1>\n

En<\/span> ce<\/span> point,<\/span> on<\/span> retrouve<\/span> en<\/span> effet<\/span> le<\/span> propos<\/span> sur<\/span> l\u2019intime<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> troisi\u00e8me<\/span> question<\/span> envisag\u00e9e<\/span> sur<\/span> l\u2019essence<\/span> du<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuel.<\/span> La<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> assur\u00e9ment<\/span> comme<\/span> une<\/span> compagne<\/span> intime<\/span> de<\/span> tout<\/span> un<\/span> chacun,<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> salon<\/span> et<\/span> maintenant<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> chambre<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> couch<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/span> Ainsi<\/span>,<\/span> nous<\/span> sommes<\/span> les<\/span> enfant<\/span>s<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span>,<\/span> c\u2019es<\/span>t<\/span>-\u00e0-<\/span> dire<\/span> d\u2019une<\/span> m\u00e8re<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> fois<\/span> protectrice<\/span> et<\/span> abusive.<\/span> L<\/span>a<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> a<\/span> r\u00e9ussi<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> faire<\/span> de<\/span> l\u2019intimit\u00e9<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span> du divertissement <\/span>t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9.<\/span> Cela<\/span> peut<\/span> ais\u00e9ment<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> saisi<\/span> en<\/span> se<\/span> r\u00e9f\u00e9rant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> temporalit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Distinguons-en<\/span> trois<\/span> modalit\u00e9s.<\/span> D\u2019abord,<\/span> le<\/span> temps<\/span> astronomique<\/span> rythme<\/span> le<\/span> cycle <\/span>des<\/span> si\u00e8cles,<\/span> des<\/span> ann\u00e9es,<\/span> des<\/span> saisons.<\/span> Ensuite,<\/span> le<\/span> temps<\/span> biologique<\/span> s\u2019inscrit<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> naissance<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> mort<\/span> et<\/span> les<\/span> diverses<\/span> \u00e9tapes<\/span> qui<\/span> les<\/span> s\u00e9parent.<\/span> Enfin,<\/span> le<\/span> temps<\/span> psychologique<\/span> et<\/span> social<\/span> int\u00e9resse<\/span> nos<\/span> sentiments,<\/span> nos<\/span> familles,<\/span> nos<\/span> professions<\/span>7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>outefois<\/span>,<\/span> pa<\/span>r<\/span>–<\/span>del\u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span>s<\/span> troi<\/span>s<\/span> modalit\u00e9s<\/span>,<\/span> exist<\/span>e<\/span> encor<\/span>e<\/span> une<\/span> temporalit\u00e9<\/span> qui<\/span> leur<\/span> \u00e9chappe.<\/span> Cela<\/span> vise<\/span> le<\/span> temps<\/span> disponible<\/span> pour<\/span> la<\/span> cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9,<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> la<\/span> lecture,<\/span> celui<\/span> du<\/span> divertissement,<\/span> en<\/span> particulier<\/span> par<\/span> le<\/span> spectacle.<\/span> O<\/span>r,<\/span> tel<\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> le<\/span> point<\/span> notable,<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> op\u00e8re<\/span> par<\/span> deux<\/span> voies<\/span> sur<\/span> ce<\/span> temps.<\/span> En<\/span> premier<\/span> lieu,<\/span> ell<\/span>e<\/span> parvient<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> le<\/span> monopolis<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/span> P<\/span>as<\/span> d\u2019effort<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> consenti<\/span>r<\/span> :<\/span> il<\/span> suffit<\/span> de<\/span> s\u2019affaler<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> canap\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> presser<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9commande.<\/span> Les<\/span> pulsions<\/span> suffisent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> subjuguer<\/span> d\u2019une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> hypnotique.<\/span> Avec<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9,<\/span> les<\/span> pulsions<\/span> sont<\/span> satisfaites<\/span> d\u2019une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> imm\u00e9diate<\/span> :<\/span> avec<\/span> la<\/span> \u00ab<\/span> kolhantisation<\/span> \u00bb,<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> parler<\/span> de<\/span> d\u00e9sublimation.<\/span><\/p>\n

En<\/span> second<\/span> lieu,<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> op\u00e8re<\/span> une<\/span> confusion<\/span> entre<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9el<\/span> quotidien<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> spectacle<\/span> fictif<\/span>.<\/span> L<\/span>a<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> constitue<\/span> une<\/span> illustration<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> confusion.<\/span> Elle<\/span> pervertit<\/span> la<\/span> fonction<\/span> culturelle<\/span> du<\/span> jeu<\/span> ;<\/span> la<\/span> fiction<\/span> se<\/span> confond<\/span> avec<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/span> Pour<\/span> preuve<\/span> :<\/span> dans<\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> aucune<\/span> protestation<\/span> du<\/span> public<\/span> une<\/span> fois<\/span> la<\/span> tromperie<\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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6.<\/span>Hanna<\/span>h<\/span> Arendt<\/span>,<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/em><\/span> totalitaire<\/em><\/span>,<\/em><\/span> op.<\/em><\/span> cit<\/em><\/span>.<\/span>,<\/span> chap<\/span>.<\/span> I<\/span>V<\/span>,<\/span> p.<\/span> 202-232.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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7.<\/span>Christoph<\/span>e<\/span> Nic<\/span>k<\/span> e<\/span>t<\/span> Michel<\/span> Eltchaninof<\/span>f<\/span>,<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/em><\/span> extr\u00eame<\/em><\/span>,<\/em><\/span> op.<\/em><\/span> cit.<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> p.<\/span> 247-292.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ainsi,<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> avancer<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> est<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> prendre<\/span> en<\/span> charge<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> la<\/span> plus<\/span> intime<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> temporalit\u00e9<\/span> humaine<\/span> et<\/span> d\u2019exercer<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> notre<\/span> insu<\/span> une<\/span> emprise<\/span> comparable<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> un<\/span> fanatisme<\/span> religieux<\/span> ou<\/span> un<\/span> totalitarisme<\/span> politique.<\/span> De<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> r\u00e9sulte<\/span> une<\/span> perte<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> libert\u00e9,<\/span> une<\/span> conversion<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> disponibilit\u00e9<\/span> en<\/span> images<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelles,<\/span> donc<\/span> la<\/span> plong\u00e9e<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> sorte<\/span> d\u2019hypnose.<\/span> Ce<\/span> mod\u00e8le<\/span> conduit<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> forme<\/span> de<\/span> despotisme<\/span> mou,<\/span> fait<\/span> de<\/span> publicit\u00e9s,<\/span> de<\/span> s\u00e9ries,<\/span> de<\/span> talk<\/span>–<\/span>shows<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/span> Il<\/span> parvient<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> r\u00e9aliser<\/span> le<\/span> paradoxe<\/span> de<\/span> nous<\/span> faire<\/span> assister<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> violence<\/span> tout<\/span> en<\/span> ayant<\/span> l\u2019impression<\/span> de<\/span> ne<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> influenc\u00e9.<\/span> Il<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9sulte<\/span> la<\/span> cons\u00e9quence<\/span> suivante<\/span> :<\/span> pour<\/span> ceux<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> invit\u00e9s<\/span> sur<\/span> un<\/span> plateau<\/span> de<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision,<\/span> s\u2019impose<\/span> une<\/span> attitude<\/span> consistant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> s\u2019identifier<\/span> au<\/span> regard<\/span> attendu<\/span> du<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9spectate<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> cons\u00e9quence<\/span> morale,<\/span> la<\/span> voici<\/span> :<\/span> non<\/span> pas<\/span> avec<\/span> Rousseau<\/span> de<\/span> ne<\/span> pas<\/span> faire<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> autrui<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> l\u2019on<\/span> ne<\/span> voudrait<\/span> pas<\/span> qu<\/span>\u2019il<\/span> nous<\/span> fasse,<\/span> non<\/span> pas<\/span> avec<\/span> K<\/span>ant<\/span> de<\/span> ne<\/span> jamais<\/span> consid\u00e9rer<\/span> autrui<\/span> uniquement<\/span> comme<\/span> un<\/span> moyen<\/span> et<\/span> toujours<\/span> comme<\/span> une<\/span> fin,<\/span> mais<\/span> cette<\/span> nouvelle<\/span> maxime<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle<\/span> :<\/span> \u00ab<\/span> Agis<\/span> de<\/span> telle<\/span> sorte<\/span> que,<\/span> si<\/span> tu<\/span> te<\/span> voyais<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision,<\/span> tu<\/span> ne<\/span> zapperais<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00bb.<\/span> C\u2019est<\/span> en<\/span> suivant<\/span> cette<\/span> maxime,<\/span> qu\u2019aucun<\/span> des<\/span> pr\u00e9sents<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> plateau<\/span> du<\/span> Jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span> os\u00e9<\/span> interrompre<\/span> le<\/span> jeu,<\/span> ne<\/span> s\u2019est<\/span> d\u00e9cid\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> quitter<\/span> le<\/span> plateau.<\/span><\/p>\n

En<\/span> conclusion,<\/span> telle<\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> commune<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span> dont<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> constitue<\/span> la<\/span> pointe<\/span> extr\u00eame.<\/span> Et<\/span> pourtant,<\/span> ce<\/span> m\u00e9dia<\/span> peut<\/span> aussi<\/span> fonctionner<\/span> comme<\/span> un<\/span> instrument<\/span> d\u2019\u00e9ducation,<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9flexion.<\/span> Il<\/span> reste<\/span> un<\/span> outil,<\/span> certes<\/span> mal<\/span> utilis\u00e9,<\/span> mais<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> disposition<\/span> de<\/span> plusieurs<\/span> fins.<\/span> Ainsi,<\/span> Le<\/em><\/span> jeu<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> la<\/em><\/span> mort<\/em><\/span> comporte<\/span> bien<\/span> cette<\/span> vis\u00e9e<\/span> \u00e9ducative<\/span> :<\/span> donner<\/span> du<\/span> sens,<\/span> \u00e9veiller<\/span> une<\/span> prise<\/span> de<\/span> conscience<\/span> che<\/span>z<\/span> le<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9spectate<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> commence<\/span>r<\/span> par<\/span> les<\/span> candidat<\/span>s<\/span> du<\/span> plateau.<\/span> Avec<\/span> la<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9vision,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> ce<\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span> est,<\/span> sa<\/span> pratique<\/span> sociale,<\/span> et<\/span> ce<\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span> pourrait<\/span> \u00eatre.<\/span> \u00c0<\/span> propos<\/span> d\u2019outil<\/span> et<\/span> du<\/span> bon<\/span> usage<\/span> que<\/span> l\u2019on<\/span> en<\/span> peut<\/span> faire,<\/span> une<\/span> notre<\/span> terminale<\/span> introduira<\/span> Platon.<\/span> Par<\/span> Socrate,<\/span> il<\/span> fait<\/span> condamner<\/span> l\u2019\u00e9criture,<\/span> laquelle<\/span> tarit<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e.<\/span> Cependant,<\/span> sans<\/span> cet<\/span> outil,<\/span> il<\/span> sait<\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span> bien<\/span> que<\/span> l\u2019on<\/span> ne<\/span> souviendrait<\/span> que<\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span> difficilement<\/span> de<\/span> sa<\/span> propre<\/span> pens\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00c9F\u00c9RENCES<\/span> BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES<\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span>RENDT<\/span> H<\/span>ANNAH<\/span>,<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/em><\/span> totalitaire<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> Harcourt<\/span> Brace<\/span> &<\/span> World,<\/span> Ink,<\/span> New<\/span> York,<\/span> 1951,<\/span> trad.<\/span> Bourget<\/span> Jean-Loup,<\/span> Davreu<\/span> Robert<\/span> et<\/span> L\u00e9vy<\/span> Patrick<\/span> ,<\/span> \u00e9d.<\/span> du<\/span> Seuil,<\/span> Paris,<\/span> 1972.<\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span>RENDT<\/span> H<\/span>ANNAH<\/span>,<\/span> Eichmann<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> J\u00e9rusalem<\/em><\/span> (1963),<\/span> trad.<\/span> Gu\u00e9rin<\/span> Anne,<\/span> Gal-<\/span> limard,<\/span> Paris,<\/span> 1997.<\/span><\/p>\n

L<\/span>E<\/span> B<\/span>ON<\/span> G<\/span>US<\/span>T<\/span>A<\/span>VE<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/em><\/span>sychologie<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span>s<\/em><\/span> foule<\/em><\/span>s<\/em><\/span> (1895),<\/span> PU<\/span>F<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 1963.<\/span><\/p>\n

M<\/span>ILGRAM<\/span> S<\/span>TANLEY<\/span>,<\/span> Soumission<\/em><\/span> \u00e0<\/em><\/span> l\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/em><\/span> :<\/em><\/span> un<\/em><\/span> point<\/em><\/span> de<\/em><\/span> vue<\/em><\/span> exp\u00e9rimen-<\/em><\/span> tal<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> Harper<\/span> &<\/span> R<\/span>ow<\/span>,<\/span> Publisher<\/span> Ink,<\/span> New<\/span> York,<\/span> 1974,<\/span> trad.<\/span> Molini\u00e9<\/span> Emy<\/span> ,<\/span> Calman<\/span> L\u00e9vy<\/span>,<\/span> P<\/span>aris,<\/span> 1974.<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>IC<\/span>K<\/span> C<\/span>HRIS<\/span>T<\/span>OPH<\/span>E<\/span>,<\/span> E<\/span>L<\/span>T<\/span>CHANINOFF<\/span> M<\/span>ICHE<\/span>L<\/span>,<\/span> L<\/em><\/span>\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/em><\/span> extr\u00eam<\/em><\/span>e<\/em><\/span>,<\/span> avec<\/span> les<\/span> contributions<\/span> scientifiques<\/span> de<\/span> Beauvois<\/span> Jean-L\u00e9on,<\/span> Courbet<\/span> Didier<\/span> et<\/span> Oberl\u00e9<\/span> Dominique,<\/span> Don<\/span> Quichotte,<\/span> une<\/span> marque<\/span> des<\/span> \u00e9ditions<\/span> du<\/span> Seuil,<\/span> Paris,<\/span> 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

. De l\u2019hypnose t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle : Le jeu de la mort Jean-Philippe Catonn\u00e9 Philosophe et psychiatre . . . propos de secret, plus exactement de rupture […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-126","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":127,"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126\/revisions\/127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.neymet.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}